Characterization of multi-layer porous media in an impedance tube
Time: 3:20 pm
Author: Remi Roncen
Abstract ID: 1446
A porous material is the combination of a solid phase and a fluid phase, with interactions and energy exchanges between phases giving rise to the dissipation of waves traveling through the porous medium. In air, mostly viscous effects and thermal effects are responsible for dissipation, in a way that strongly depends on the pore microstructure. To evaluate the intrinsic properties pertaining to this microstructure, inverse acoustic methods have been used in the past, typically using impedance tubes to observe the way a porous sample interacts with an acoustic field. The impedance tube is a widespread tool in the acoustic community and has proven to be efficient in retrieving, via an inverse method, porous material intrinsic properties such as the porosity or the tortuosity of a sample. In this work, a Bayesian representation of knowledge is taken, where information on a material property is encoded in a probability density function. When multi-layer materials are considered, classical inverse methods become ill-posed and it might become impossible to retrieve exactly each layers intrinsic properties. This work presents two straightforward improvements that can be used in order to lift this ill-posedness and increase the precision with which material properties are obtained.
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Effect of fiber cross-section on the transport and acoustic properties of fibrous materials
Time: 7:40 am
Author: Sung Soo Yang
Abstract ID: 1785
Fibrous materials can efficiently dissipate acoustic energy, and their intrinsic properties are determined by fiber geometries (microscale). In this study, the effect of cross-sections of fibers on the transport and acoustic properties of fibrous materials was investigated. First, fibers of various cross-sections were modeled by adjusting their open porosity. The representative elementary volumes of fiber structures were generated to describe the periodic unit-cell structures. Next, the transport properties (such as static airflow resistivity, high-frequency limit of the dynamic tortuosity, viscous characteristic length, thermal characteristic length, and static thermal permeability) of fibrous materials were calculated by solving numerical problems using the finite element method. These properties of fibrous materials with complex cross-sections were compared with those with circular cross-sections. Finally, the sound absorption coefficients were predicted using the Johnson-Champoux-Allard-Lafarge (JCAL) model and rigid frame approximation, and the differences in sound-absorbing behavior were analyzed. This study can provide insights into the design of lightweight fibrous materials while maintaining optimal sound absorption performance.
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An integrated toolchain for the design of aeroacoustic metamaterials: the AERIALIST H2020 project.
Time: 12:00 pm
Author: Umberto Iemma
Abstract ID: 2207
The project AERIALIST (AdvancEd aicRaft-noIse-AlLeviation devIceS using meTamaterials), funded within the Breakthrough Innovation topic of the H2020 program, has closed its activity on May 2020. The objective of the project was the disclosure of the potential of metamaterials in developing disruptive devices for the mitigation of aircraft noise, in order to contribute to the identification of the breakthrough technologies targeted at the achievement of the noise reduction targets foreseen by the ACARE Flightpath 2050. Although targeted to low TRL, AERIALIST has been focused on the development of an integrated toolchain capable to address the entire design loop, from the early conception to the numerical and experimental proof of concept, up to the final design and manufacturing. The toolchain was founded onto four pillars: i) the extension of the acoustic metamaterial theory to aeroacoustics; ii) the exploitation of the latest additive manufacturing technologies; iii) the wind-tunnel assessment of the selected concepts; iv) the identification of a development roadmap towards higher TRL. After three years of activity, the project has attained all its objectives. The present paper is a review of the main outcomes of the project, their application potential and relevance to the ACARE objectives.
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Low-frequency noise control using layered granular aerogel and limp porous media
Time: 6:20 pm
Author: Yutong Xue
Abstract ID: 2215
The acoustic absorption of granular aerogel layers with a granule sizes in the range of 2 to 40 ?m is dominated by narrow-banded, high absorption regions in the low-frequency range and by reduced absorption values at higher frequencies. In this paper, we investigate the possibility of developing new, low-frequency noise reduction materials by layering granular aerogels with traditional porous sound absorbing materials such as glass fibers. The acoustic behavior of the layered configurations is predicted using the arbitrary coefficient method, wherein the granular aerogel layers are modeled as an equivalent poro-elastic material while the fibrous media and membrane are modeled as limp media. The analytical predictions are verified using experimental measurements conducted using the normal incidence, two-microphone impedance tube method. Our results show that layered configurations including granular aerogels, fibrous materials, and limp membranes provide enhanced sound absorption properties that can be tuned for specific noise control applications over a broad frequency range.
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Sound absorption of polydisperse heterogeneous porous composites
Time: 3:00 pm
Author: Gabriel Núñez
Abstract ID: 2217
Sound absorption of polydisperse heterogeneous porous composites is investigated in this paper. The wave equation in polydisperse heterogeneous porous composites is upscaled by using the two-scale method of homogenisation, which allows the material to be modeled as an equivalent fluid with atypical effective parameters. This upscaled model is numerically validated and demonstrates that the dissipation of sound in polydisperse heterogeneous porous composites is due to visco-thermal dissipation in the composite constituents and multiple pressure diffusion in the polydisperse heterogeneous inclusions. Analytical and semi-analytical models are developed for the acoustical effective parameters of polydisperse heterogeneous porous composites with canonical geometry (e.g. porous matrix with cylindrical and spherical inclusions) and with complex geometries. Furthermore, by comparing the sound absorption coefficient of a hard-backed composite layer with that of layers made from the composite constituents alone, it is demonstrated that embedding polydisperse heterogeneous inclusions in a porous matrix can provide a practical way for significantly increasing low frequency sound absorption. The results of this work are expected to serve as a model for the rational design of novel acoustic materials with enhanced sound absorption properties.
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Experimental study on cushioning behaviors of foam with different skin-liked covers
Time: 6:40 am
Author: heye xiao
Abstract ID: 2477
Periodic structures were used in foams to improve their cushioning ability in previous studies?which are usually constructed by additive manufacturing methods with high cost. To improve cushioning property of the foam materials at a low cost, foams with skin covers are proposed in this paper to provide a new idea for a structural design that is inspired by the composition of animal skins. The foam without covers and covered with three different skin types, including square shape, circle shape, and Pearlfish skin, are investigated in this study. The stiffness and acceleration responses of these structures are measured by static loading and dropping test respectively, which are used to evaluate their static and dynamic cushion properties. Based on the tested results, it demonstrated that the cover skins could improve the stiffness of the foam materials and decrease acceleration response of mass fixing on them in dropping test at 0.4 m and 0.5 m. The enhancement for cushion ability of the proposed structure in this paper is proved experimentally.
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Acoustic characterization of membranes attached to sound absorbing base materials
Time: 8:20 am
Author: Juan Carlos Rodríguez Vercher
Abstract ID: 2493
The use of membranes attached to sound absorbing materials, with the aim of modifying its absorption properties, is quite a usual practice in acoustic conditioning applications. The behavior of the final composition formed by the sound absorbing base material and the attached membrane can serve to characterize the effect of the membrane, if the properties of the base material are known. This can be of great interest for several reasons. Firstly, the difficulty to characterize the materials separately, due to the thinness of the membranes. Secondly, the effect of the binding method used between the absorbing material and the membrane (glue, seams, etc.) can modify the properties of the membrane. This work presents a model that enables us to determine the acoustic impedance of the membranes from an initial analysis of the base material and a second analysis of the composition formed by the base material with the membrane. These analyses are carried out in an impedance tube by following the ISO 10534-2 standard and the results obtained allow modeling the attached membrane effect.
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Indirect determination of airflow resistance of textiles with reference samples
Time: 8:40 am
Author: Juan Carlos Rodríguez Vercher
Abstract ID: 2495
Airflow resistance is a non-acoustic parameter of great relevance in the acoustic characterization of porous materials. It is used in several sound absorbing material prediction models and it is also a control parameter for acoustic conditioning and insulation in different building solutions. The ISO 9053 standard defines several methods to obtain it, using both direct measurements and indirect techniques. However, both procedures may involve problems related to the placement of the textile samples in the tube or to the stability of the samples during testing. In this work, the use of reference materials to stabilize the measurement of thin materials is proposed. Airflow resistance results obtained for different materials in an impedance tube are presented. The tests have been carried out by following the Ingard & Dear method, as an indirect technique accepted by the standard. Several material compositions with a wide range of airflow resistance values have been analyzed with different reference materials.
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Optimization of metamaterials with complex neck shapes for aircraft cabin noise improvement
Time: 11:20 am
Author: Tenon Charly KONE
Abstract ID: 2567
More frequently, recent low-frequency noise control techniques commonly implemented in aerospace and ground transportation as well as in building applications are based on acoustic metamaterial concepts. The technologies proposed in the literature, using layered porous materials with embedded Helmholtz resonators (HR), exhibited considerable potential when tuned at tonal, multi-tonal or narrow frequency bands. Our recent investigations have shown that the acoustical performance of these metamaterials can be further improved by the use of resonators with complex shaped necks. These necks can be designed and optimized to minimize the HR resonance frequencies (small form factor) and maximize the sound transmission loss (STL) performance. This paper presents the developed design optimization method for HRs with complex neck shapes recessed within the HR cavity. The HRs were embedded in a layer of porous material. The implemented approach was based on the transfer matrix methods (TMM) in series and in parallel coupled to a multi-objective optimization. Complex optimum neck shapes were obtained allowing for a shift towards the low frequencies of the resonator resonance with a good STL performance. Moreover the STL calculated using the TMM approach were observed to be in excellent agreement with the finite element method numerical results.
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Multi-tonal low frequency noise control for aircraft cabin using Helmholtz resonator with complex cavity
Time: 11:40 am
Author: Tenon Charly KONE
Abstract ID: 2569
The noise control at multiple tonal frequencies simultaneously, in the low frequency range, is a challenge for aerospace, ground transportation and building industries. In the past few decades, various low frequency noise control solutions based on acoustic metamaterial designs have been presented in the literature. These solutions showed promising performance and are considered a better alternative to conventional sound insulation materials. In the present investigation, it was noticed that subdividing the cavity of a Helmholtz resonator allowed the control of multi-tonal noise at several resonance frequencies simultaneously and a shift of the resonance peaks towards the low frequencies. This paper proposes concepts of Helmholtz resonators with subdivided cavities to improve the sound transmission loss (STL) performance and simultaneously control the noise at several tonal frequencies. HRs with cylindrical shaped cavities were embedded in a layer of porous material. The STL of the metamaterial noise insulation configuration was predicted using serial and parallel assemblies of transfer matrices (TMM) incorporating a thermo-viscous-acoustic approach to accurately account for the viscous and thermal losses of acoustic wave propagation within the metamaterial. The STL calculated using the proposed TMM approach were observed to be in excellent agreement with the finite element method (FEM) numerical results.
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Trial applications at gymnasiums of in-situ sound absorption measurement method by ensemble averaging technique
Time: 7:20 pm
Author: Toru Otsuru
Abstract ID: 2729
The authors have been published a series of papers on a measurement method for sound absorption characteristics of materials using ensemble averaging technique, i.e., EA method. The papers results included measurement mechanisms, measurement uncertainty, and so on. Herein, to examine adaptability, especially in in-situ conditions, the EA method is applied to measure absorption characteristics of materials installed in two gymnasiums. A glass-wool panel with the dimension of 0.5 m by 0.5 m by 0.05 m and with the density of 32 kg m^-3 was brought around and measured to check the measurement consistency. Several measurements were conducted during badminton plays were undergoing. Measured sound absorption coefficients revealed that most results agree well with those measured in reverberation rooms. Certain improvement is necessary for the specimen brought to the in-situ measurement to keep the consistency. The inconsistency is considered to originate from unstable conditions between the specimen and floor.
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Investigation of frequency dependent mechanical properties of porous materials using dynamic mechanical analyzer and frequency-temperature superposition theory
Time: 4:00 pm
Author: Attila Schweighardt
Abstract ID: 2859
In acoustic design of engineering applications such as in the acoustic analysis of passenger vehicles poroelastic materials are of great importance. One of the most influencing properties in determining their noise-reduction potential is the storage modulus. The purpose of this study is to examine the frequency dependence of storage modulus of selected porous acoustic materials at least up to 1000 Hz. This is executed by using the combined use of dynamic mechanical analyzer and frequency-temperature superposition theory. All other methods for measuring the storage modulus fall short in determining frequency-dependence above 100 Hz: quasi-static mechanical analyzer is mostly used for determining an averaged constant value deduced from low-frequency measurements, while the usage of an electromagnetic shaker capable for high-frequency excitation may include effects of fluid motion inside the pores, thus significantly modifying the results. Frequency-temperature superposition enables to determine the storage modulus values in a wide frequency range, based on low-frequency measurements, where fluid-structure interaction is negligible. It was found that the modulus varied significantly up to and beyond 1000 Hz, and thus, acoustical characterization of these materials can be significantly improved using the proposed method. The work concludes with recommendations to improve the accuracy of the results.
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Simulations of poroelastic materials in a complex acoustic system using frequency-dependent parameters in the mid-frequency range
Time: 3:40 pm
Author: János Kun
Abstract ID: 2869
Efficiency requirements prompt manufacturers to develop ever lighter acoustic packages in vehicles. Poroelastic materials are essential to achieve the desired interior noise level targets and thus the simulation of their effects is of utmost importance in NVH analyses. However, it is challenging to achieve good validation between finite element method (FEM) based simulation results and measurements in the mid-frequency range (400-1000 Hz). One possible reason could be the lack of using frequency-dependent Biot-paremeters describing the poroelastic materials (PEM) characteristics of trims. The present research aims to employ frequency-dependent Biot-parameters for the PEM materials to investigate the acoustic response of a scaled car-like steel structure composed of flat plates and U-section stiffeners enclosing an air cavity. Porous acoustic material is applied to the walls of the cavity. The focus of the study is to understand the effect of applying frequency-dependent Youngs modulus and damping values for the PEM parameters in the 100-1000 Hz range. Simulation results obtained from ESI VPS FEM solver are compared with measurements, with particular focus on the interior sound pressure levels. The simulation methodology, including discretization techniques, structural damping and fluid damping applications are described in detail.
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Optimal design of compressed porous materials for acoustic sealing applications by means of smart data analysis
Time: 4:40 pm
Author: Mathieu Gontier
Abstract ID: 2903
In industry segments such as automotive and industrial equipment the use of compressed porous materials is well known to improve the global acoustic performance of the complete system. Such porous materials should be designed in a specific way in order to reach a significant acoustic sealing performance at different compression rates. Unfortunately, there are no standard measurement procedures nor predefined material characteristics that allow the selection of the right material with the optimal acoustic performance. The main goal of this research is to link acoustic performance of compressed porous materials with intrinsic material characteristics using statistical techniques.
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Enhancement of sound absorption in a band frequency using thin porous layer-lined metasurfaces
Time: 6:00 am
Author: Joong Seok Lee
Abstract ID: 2962
When a porous layer is installed on a hard wall, sound absorption performance is mainly determined by thickness of the layer. Although material parameters of porous materials are strongly dependent on frequencies, the thickness limitation related to the quarter wavelength of incident sound wave has been a key factor in the treatment of porous layers for noise reduction. This implies that a thicker porous layer is required to absorb lower-frequency sound effectively. To overcome the thickness limitation, metaporous layers, which are named as a compound of sound absorbing porous layers with the concept of metamaterials have received much attentions for alternative implementations of porous layers. Recently, we proposed a new type of metaporous layer for enhancing sound absorption performance in a specified broad frequency band. The proposed metaporous layer is constructed with a thin porous layer backed by a reactive metasurface consisting of an array of bent channels. Formation of sound absorption band is directly determined by the characteristics of scattered sound field from the proposed metaporous layer. Analytical and numerical investigations show that the metasurface is considerably responsible for the enhanced sound absorption in the proposed metaporous layer, while sound dissipation occurs only in the thin porous layer.
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Towards fully controlled anisotropy in cellular porous media: an overview
Time: 2:40 pm
Author: Mathieu Gaborit
Abstract ID: 3027
In the recent years, our team has been working to identify key aspects of anisotropy on porous media. More than just characterising their anisotropic properties, were interested in generating cellular media with completely designed anisotropic properties. The results of these studies have partly been published and more are to come. In this presentation, well present an overview of this work and it ultimately ties to acoustics. We will introduce the key findings,discussed specific results that can be achieved and provide context and details related to the strategy developed to address the tasks.
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